{"id":565560,"date":"2026-07-14T19:31:59","date_gmt":"2026-07-14T19:31:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kec-watangsawitto.pinrangkab.go.id\/?p=565560"},"modified":"2026-07-14T19:32:07","modified_gmt":"2026-07-14T19:32:07","slug":"doc-goldbet-innskraning-fyrir-tolvu-audkenni-wikipedia","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kec-watangsawitto.pinrangkab.go.id\/?p=565560","title":{"rendered":"Doc goldbet innskr\u00e1ning fyrir t\u00f6lvu au\u00f0kenni Wikipedia"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"toc\" style=\"background: #f9f9f9;border: 1px solid #aaa;margin-bottom: 1em;padding: 1em;width: 350px\">\n<p style=\"font-weight: 700;text-align: center\">Efni<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#worldwide-usage\">Al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0leg notkun<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#usage-by-medical-practitioners-in-the-uk-and-culturally-related-countries\">Nota\u00f0 af l\u00e6knum \u00ed Bretlandi og menningarlega tengdum l\u00f6ndum<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#usage-by-medical-practitioners-in-the-uk-and-culturally-related-countries-1\">Nota\u00f0 af v\u00edsindam\u00f6nnum \u00ed Bretlandi og menningarlega tengdum st\u00f6\u00f0um<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#worldwide-usage-1\">Al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0leg notkun<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>Sj\u00f3nt\u00e6kjafr\u00e6\u00f0ingar f\u00e1 doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0ur e\u00f0a doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0ur \u00ed sj\u00f3nfr\u00e6\u00f0i (\u00ed Bretlandi er doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0ur fyrir l\u00f6ggilta sj\u00f3nt\u00e6kjafr\u00e6\u00f0inga me\u00f0 reynslu af hef\u00f0bundinni tannl\u00e6kna\u00fej\u00f3nustu) en Debrett&#039;s m\u00e6lir samt sem \u00e1\u00f0ur me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 tannl\u00e6knar s\u00e9u venjulega skur\u00f0l\u00e6knar og heiti\u00f0 \u201el\u00e6knir\u201c er oft nota\u00f0 yfir tannl\u00e6kna sem hafa mikla doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0u. <!--more--> \u00c1 sama h\u00e1tt og fyrir l\u00e6knisfr\u00e6\u00f0ilega MBBS-gr\u00e1\u00f0una eru tannl\u00e6knar taldir hafa g\u00f3\u00f0an gr\u00e1\u00f0u \u00ed tannl\u00e6knaa\u00f0ger\u00f0um (BDS) og d\u00fdral\u00e6knar me\u00f0 gr\u00e1\u00f0u \u00ed d\u00fdral\u00e6kningum (BVSc), gr\u00e1\u00f0u \u00ed d\u00fdral\u00e6kningum (BVetMed) e\u00f0a gr\u00e1\u00f0u \u00ed d\u00fdral\u00e6kningum og a\u00f0ger\u00f0um (BVMS). \u00c1ri\u00f0 2005 hvatti n\u00e6sti forseti Regal School of Surgeons skur\u00f0l\u00e6kna til a\u00f0 nota heiti\u00f0 Dr. og sag\u00f0i a\u00f0 notkun Mr. Skip v\u00e6ri ruglingsleg fyrir vi\u00f0skiptavini. Titlar A &amp; C Black og mismunandi heimilisf\u00f6ng eru fr\u00e1brug\u00f0nir hugmyndum Debretts um hvernig eigi a\u00f0 \u00e1varpa umsl\u00f6g til l\u00e6kna og sleppa n\u00fdjustu fornafninu sem Dr (t.d. John Smith, Esq, MD; John Smith, MD; John Smith, MB) en innan Skotlands og almennra l\u00e6kna, \u00fear sem forn\u00f6fn eru alltaf \u00fatiloku\u00f0 (t.d. elizabeth.grams. Dr. John Smith).<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Tannl\u00e6knar hafa hef\u00f0bundi\u00f0 (eins og tannl\u00e6knar) veri\u00f0 \u00feekktir \u00e1 sama h\u00e1tt og skur\u00f0l\u00e6knarnir, en fr\u00e1 1995 hefur Tannl\u00e6knar\u00e1\u00f0i\u00f0 leyft tannl\u00e6knum a\u00f0 nota nafni\u00f0 \u201el\u00e6knir\u201c, jafnvel \u00fe\u00f3tt margir vilji ekki gera \u00fea\u00f0 og \u00fear me\u00f0 ska\u00f0a or\u00f0spor l\u00e6kna sinna.<\/li>\n<li>Hann er \u00fatvega\u00f0ur af h\u00e1sk\u00f3lanum af h\u00e1lfu n\u00fdjasta konungsins, og pr\u00f3fsk\u00edrteini\u00f0 hefur fengi\u00f0 \u00fer\u00fdsting fr\u00e1 opinberu skjali.<\/li>\n<li>Doktorspr\u00f3f krefst h\u00e1\u00fer\u00f3a\u00f0rar \u00feekkingar til a\u00f0 stunda n\u00e1m meistarans, skrifa g\u00f3\u00f0a lokaritger\u00f0, oftast g\u00f3\u00f0a lokaritger\u00f0 \u00far riti, og verja n\u00fdja lokaritger\u00f0 opinberlega.<\/li>\n<li>A\u00f0 hafa g\u00f3\u00f0a doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0u er or\u00f0in grundvallarkrafa fyrir h\u00e1sk\u00f3lastarf.<\/li>\n<li>Til a\u00f0 hafa fr\u00e6\u00f0imenn me\u00f0 doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0ur fr\u00e1 stofnun utan Evr\u00f3pusambandsins, segir a\u00f0 n\u00fdja menntunin \u00feurfi a\u00f0 vera formlega vi\u00f0urkennd (\u201esta\u00f0fest\u201c) af uppl\u00fdsingam\u00e1lar\u00e1\u00f0uneytinu \u00ed Bonn.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u00dea\u00f0 er algengt a\u00f0 eiga maka \u00ed l\u00e6knisfr\u00e6\u00f0i til a\u00f0 nota nafni\u00f0 \u201eDr. (fr\u00fa)\u201c b\u00e6\u00f0i innan \u00farvalsh\u00f3ps og \u00ed opinberri st\u00f6\u00f0u. \u00c1 19. \u00f6ld ur\u00f0u doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0ur s\u00edfellt algengari \u00ed Bretlandi, \u00fe\u00f3 a\u00f0 til a\u00f0 \u00f6\u00f0last menntun \u00feurfti a\u00f0 fer\u00f0ast til meginlands Evr\u00f3pu e\u00f0a (fr\u00e1 1861) til Bandar\u00edkjanna, \u00fear sem menntunin var ekki veitt \u00ed Bretlandi fyrr en 1917. Fr\u00e1 r\u00e1\u00f0stefnunni nota \u00feeir sem hafa fengi\u00f0 hei\u00f0ursdoktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0ur ekki n\u00fdja nafni\u00f0 \u201eDr.\u201c \u00ed almennum samskiptum, jafnvel \u00feegar \u00ed l\u00f6glegum samskiptum vi\u00f0 h\u00e1sk\u00f3lann sem veitir n\u00fdju hei\u00f0ursdoktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0una er algengt a\u00f0 nota n\u00fdja einstaklinginn \u00ed nafninu. \u00d3formlega er n\u00fdjasta hugtaki\u00f0, b\u00e6\u00f0i \u00ed fullri og styttri st\u00f6\u00f0u (\u00fe.e. \u201edr.\u201c), nota\u00f0 me\u00f0 hei\u00f0ursnafni til a\u00f0 nota l\u00e6kna \u00ed opinberari a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0um eins og \u00ed fyrirlestrum, en fr\u00e6\u00f0ilega s\u00e9\u00f0 er \u00fea\u00f0 a\u00f0eins \u00e6tla\u00f0 n\u00fdjum eigendum sem ekki hafa menntunargr\u00e1\u00f0ur. Einnig hafa veri\u00f0 \u00farskur\u00f0a\u00f0ir um augl\u00fdsingu fyrir \u00e1hugasama beinl\u00e6kni sem kalla\u00f0i hann rangt sem heilbrig\u00f0isstarfsmann, en augl\u00fdsingu sem nota\u00f0i n\u00fdtt nafn \u201eDr\u201c og nafni\u00f0 \u201ePhD\u201c byggt \u00e1 fram\u00farskarandi doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0u fr\u00e1 \u00e1hugas\u00f6mum, \u00f3vi\u00f0urkenndum h\u00e1sk\u00f3la. Tannl\u00e6knar hafa hef\u00f0bundi\u00f0 (fr\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 tannl\u00e6knar h\u00f3fu g\u00f6ngu s\u00edna) veri\u00f0 kalla\u00f0ir l\u00e6knar, en fr\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 Al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0atannl\u00e6knar\u00e1\u00f0i\u00f0 \u00e1ri\u00f0 1995 veitti tannl\u00e6knum leyfi til a\u00f0 nota hugtaki\u00f0 \u201el\u00e6knir\u201c, hvort sem margir vilja \u00fea\u00f0 ekki e\u00f0a ekki, og \u00fear me\u00f0 ska\u00f0a or\u00f0spor l\u00e6kna sinna.<\/p>\n<h2>Goldbet innskr\u00e1ning fyrir t\u00f6lvu &#8211; \u00deegar doktorspr\u00f3fi er loki\u00f0 er n\u00fdja doktorspr\u00f3fi\u00f0 marka\u00f0ssett svo \u00fe\u00fa getir stunda\u00f0 doktorsn\u00e1m og notar ekki lengur n\u00fdja skammst\u00f6funina drs<\/h2>\n<p>Vandam\u00e1li\u00f0 stafar af upprunalegu hollensku meistaragr\u00e1\u00f0unni \u201edrs.\u201c (fyrir b\u00e6\u00f0i l\u00e1gt\u00e6kni- og \u00f3l\u00f6glega meistaragr\u00e1\u00f0ur). Leikur \u00feeirra af h\u00e1lfu l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0inganna kemur fr\u00e1 n\u00fdju h\u00e6fnisgr\u00e1\u00f0unni til a\u00f0 starfa sem l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0ingur sem n\u00fdja LLD-pr\u00f3fi\u00f0 fram til umb\u00f3ta \u00e1ri\u00f0 2014 og hefur veri\u00f0 kalla\u00f0ur \u201es\u00f6gulegur farangur\u201c af deildarforseta h\u00e1sk\u00f3lans \u00e1 M\u00f6ltu.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/media.softvoyage.com\/monarc\/images\/10\/866\/1640182803-61c3311dc0c6c_chambre%201.jpg\" alt=\"goldbet innskr\u00e1ning fyrir t\u00f6lvu\" align=\"right\" border=\"0\" style=\"padding: 20px\"><\/p>\n<p>\u00de\u00e1tttakendur \u00ed Bl\u00e1a krossinum og \u00fe\u00fa getur Blue Protect (BCBS) geta leita\u00f0 til l\u00e6kna, sj\u00fakrah\u00fasa og tannl\u00e6kna.<\/p>\n<p>Hong Kong kemur eftir Bretlandi \u00ed starfi innan l\u00e6knadeildarinnar \u201el\u00e6knir\u201c en margir \u00feeirra hafa a\u00f0eins BA-gr\u00e1\u00f0u \u00ed l\u00e6knisfr\u00e6\u00f0i og einnig BA-gr\u00e1\u00f0u \u00ed skur\u00f0l\u00e6kningum (MBBS e\u00f0a MBChB). N\u00fdja skammst\u00f6funin Drs. v\u00edsar einnig til doctorandus, hollensks menntunarheitis sem kom \u00ed sta\u00f0inn fyrir hundaeigandaheiti\u00f0 vi\u00f0 tilkomu eigendakerfisins. \u00c1 st\u00f3rum hluta n\u00fdja menntakerfisins \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ir hugtaki\u00f0 l\u00e6knir einhvern sem hefur loki\u00f0 doktorsn\u00e1mi (h\u00e1sk\u00f3lan\u00e1mi) fr\u00e1 g\u00f3\u00f0um h\u00e1sk\u00f3la. Allir \u00feeir sem hafa loki\u00f0 doktorsn\u00e1mi notu\u00f0u n\u00fdja heiti\u00f0 fagmannlega og f\u00e9lagslega. N\u00fdja heiti\u00f0 er einnig gagnlegt fyrir l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0inga \u00ed Su\u00f0ur-Amer\u00edku, \u00fear sem \u00feeir hafa yfirleitt loki\u00f0 doktorsn\u00e1mi, og \u00e1 fyrri port\u00fag\u00f6lsku sv\u00e6\u00f0unum Goa \u00e1 Indlandi og Maka\u00f3 \u00ed As\u00edu.<\/p>\n<h2>Fyrir opinbera \u00fej\u00e1lfunina kom n\u00fdjasta doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0an (PhD) hugsanlega fram \u00ed Leipzig sem g\u00f3\u00f0ur arftaki meistaragr\u00e1\u00f0unnar \u00e1ri\u00f0 1652 (Dr.<\/h2>\n<p>\u201eLaurea\u201c f\u00e6r n\u00fdtt nafn fyrir l\u00e6kni (dottore\/dottoressa), \u201elaurea magistrale\u201c f\u00e6r n\u00fdjasta nafni\u00f0 fyrir magistral doc (dottore magistrale\/dottoressa magistrale) og doktorsnemar hafa veri\u00f0 kalla\u00f0ir ranns\u00f3knarl\u00e6knar (dottore di ricerca\/dottoressa di ricerca). Af s\u00f6gulegum \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0um er n\u00fdjasta nafni\u00f0 doc veitt h\u00e1sk\u00f3lakennurum. Fyrsti h\u00e1sk\u00f3linn fr\u00e1 vestr\u00e6nni menningu, n\u00fdjasti h\u00e1sk\u00f3linn fr\u00e1 Bologna, er \u00e1 \u00cdtal\u00edu, \u00fear sem fram a\u00f0 \u00feessu hefur eina gr\u00e1\u00f0an sem bo\u00f0i\u00f0 er upp \u00e1 veri\u00f0 \u00ed bo\u00f0i me\u00f0 n\u00fdrri doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0u, og a\u00f0rir \u00edtalskir h\u00e1sk\u00f3lar hafa fylgt \u00fe\u00e9r \u00ed kj\u00f6lfari\u00f0. \u00dea\u00f0 er \u00f3l\u00edkt Arzt, \u00fear sem fram\u00farskarandi doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0a er ekki skilyr\u00f0i fyrir l\u00e6kna, hvort sem notkun leitaror\u00f0sins Doktor yfir l\u00e6kni er algeng og margir hafa tilhneigingu til a\u00f0 halda ranglega a\u00f0 a\u00f0eins Doktors f\u00e1i f\u00edkniefni. Engu a\u00f0 s\u00ed\u00f0ur er notkun fyrirsagna \u00ed finnsku \u00f3algeng og \u00fe\u00fa getur a\u00f0eins nota\u00f0 \u00feau sem eru mj\u00f6g vi\u00f0urkennd utan samhengis.<\/p>\n<p>habil). \u00deessi tegund deildar var venjulega k\u00f6llu\u00f0 \u201eheimspeki\u201c (nota\u00f0 sem almennt heiti fyrir fr\u00e6\u00f0andi n\u00e1m, ekki tiltekna menntunargrein tr\u00faar), en h\u00fan er n\u00fa flokku\u00f0 sem hugv\u00edsindi og raunv\u00edsindi, tali\u00f0 \u00ed s\u00f6mu r\u00f6\u00f0. \u00cd gegnum \u00e1rin hefur doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0a utan gu\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0i veri\u00f0 sjaldg\u00e6fari, en l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0i- og l\u00e6knisfr\u00e6\u00f0in\u00e1m hefur or\u00f0i\u00f0 algengara. Fyrstu doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0urnar &#8211; \u00ed gu\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0i, fr\u00e6\u00f0i og l\u00e6knisfr\u00e6\u00f0i &#8211; s\u00fdndu n\u00fdjustu s\u00f6gulegu sundrun h\u00e1sk\u00f3laranns\u00f3kna \u00e1 \u00feessi \u00ferj\u00fa svi\u00f0. R\u00e6tur doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0unnar m\u00e1 rekja til frumkirkjunnar, \u00fear sem hugtaki\u00f0 \u201edoktor\u201c nefndi n\u00fdju postulana, kapellufa\u00f0ir e\u00f0a a\u00f0ra kristna yfirv\u00f6ld sem kenndu og t\u00falku\u00f0u n\u00fdjustu Bibl\u00eduna. Sem \u201eDr\u201c e\u00f0a \u201eDr.\u201c er \u00fea\u00f0 nota\u00f0 sem g\u00f3\u00f0 heiti fyrir einhvern sem hefur loki\u00f0 g\u00f3\u00f0ri doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0u (\u00fear sem \u00fea\u00f0 er ekki g\u00f3\u00f0 doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0u).<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.roulettesites.org\/graphics\/roulette-game-32red.jpg\" alt=\"goldbet innskr\u00e1ning fyrir t\u00f6lvu\" border=\"1\" align=\"left\"><\/p>\n<p>N\u00fdir doktorsnemar, sem eru ekki me\u00f0 v\u00edsindakennslu, eru t\u00e6knileg kennsla innan n\u00faverandi menntakerfis og eru \u00ed dag samb\u00e6rileg vi\u00f0 doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0u. \u00c1ri\u00f0 2012 var tilkynnt a\u00f0 \u00feetta g\u00e6ti s\u00ed\u00f0an veri\u00f0 \u00fatv\u00edkka\u00f0 til a\u00f0 grei\u00f0a fyrir doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0ur sem veittar eru \u00e1 N\u00fdja Sj\u00e1landi. Til a\u00f0 f\u00e1 doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0ur fr\u00e1 l\u00f6ndum utan Evr\u00f3pusambandsins \u00fearf n\u00fdja pr\u00f3fgr\u00e1\u00f0una a\u00f0 vera opinberlega vi\u00f0urkennda (&quot;sta\u00f0fest&quot;) af menntam\u00e1lar\u00e1\u00f0uneytinu \u00ed Bonn. Allir handhafar doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0u eru r\u00e9ttilega flokka\u00f0ir sem &quot;Herr\/Frau Dr. _____&quot; \u00ed flestum samf\u00e9lagslegum \u00fe\u00e1ttum. \u00cd \u00de\u00fdskalandi er vins\u00e6lasta doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0ustigi\u00f0 Dr. med. (l\u00e6knisfr\u00e6\u00f0i), Dr. med. (l\u00e6kningar). \u00cd \u00fe\u00fdskum l\u00f6ndum l\u00fdsir hugtaki\u00f0 Doktor doktorsnema \u00e1 formlegu m\u00e1li (\u00fea\u00f0 sama og doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0u).<\/p>\n<p>\u00deessi tegund titla er oftast veitt ver\u00f0ugum klerkum vegna fram\u00farskarandi vinnu \u00feeirra e\u00f0a annarrar afreka \u00e1 svi\u00f0i andlegrar og bibl\u00edulegrar gr\u00e1\u00f0u. \u00deessari grein er s\u00ed\u00f0ar breytt til a\u00f0 taka fram a\u00f0 notkun l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0inga \u00e1 n\u00fdjustu nafninu \u201es\u00e9 fram\u00farskarandi (me\u00f0 \u00f3f\u00fasum og frj\u00e1lsum vilja) vi\u00f0urkennd starfsh\u00e6ttir \u00ed m\u00f6rgum l\u00f6ndum en ekki \u00ed \u00f6\u00f0rum\u201c, \u00fe\u00f3tt \u00feeir hafi me\u00f0h\u00f6ndla\u00f0 a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 v\u00e6ri varla sagt \u00fear sem \u00fea\u00f0 \u201e\u00fe\u00fd\u00f0i a\u00f0 \u00fe\u00fa s\u00e9rt l\u00edka l\u00e6knir e\u00f0a me\u00f0 g\u00f3\u00f0an doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0u &#8211; og \u00fea\u00f0 b\u00fd\u00f0ur upp \u00e1 \u00f3sannar uppl\u00fdsingar\u201c. Til a\u00f0 f\u00e1 uppl\u00fdsingar (skilgreint sem \u201ealgengar tegundir \u00e1varpa sem eru undir \u00e1hrifum f\u00e9lagslegra og opinberra si\u00f0a\u201c) notar NASA \u201eDr. (fullt nafn)\u201c \u00ed \u00e1varpinu til a\u00f0 tilgreina doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0uhafa \u00feegar \u00feeir eru \u00e1 l\u00e6knum sem \u00feeir nota \u201e(fullt nafn), MD\u201c, jafnvel \u00fe\u00f3tt \u00feeir s\u00e9u b\u00e1\u00f0ir kalla\u00f0ir \u201eDr. (eftirnafn)\u201c \u00ed \u00e1varpinu (sem kallast \u201e\u00f3formlegt\u201c).<\/p>\n<p>Innan Kar\u00edbahafs-enskunnar er algengt a\u00f0 nota or\u00f0i\u00f0 \u201eDr. the brand new Honourable\u201c \u00feegar stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1lamenn me\u00f0 doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0ur eru nota\u00f0ir. \u00deessi tegund v\u00edsa\u00f0i til n\u00fdrra eiginleika gu\u00f0d\u00f3mleika, reglna og me\u00f0fer\u00f0a, stundum me\u00f0 t\u00f3nlist, sem voru \u00ed raun eina doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0an sem \u00ed bo\u00f0i var fram til 19. aldar. \u00deannig hefur n\u00fdjasta nafni\u00f0 veri\u00f0 nota\u00f0 af m\u00f6rgum stofnunum \u00e1 \u00feessum sv\u00e6\u00f0um, \u00fear \u00e1 me\u00f0al l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0ingum sem f\u00e1 venjulega ekki n\u00fdja or\u00f0i\u00f0 annars sta\u00f0ar.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/cf.bstatic.com\/xdata\/images\/hotel\/max500\/251857310.jpg?k=7560b0702cac05926ca25ce1cfca7066009ad9b7b4ac89b6f1f7e32b6e347282&amp;o=&amp;hp=1\" alt=\"goldbet innskr\u00e1ning fyrir t\u00f6lvu\" border=\"1\" align=\"right\"><\/p>\n<p>Hj\u00fakrunarfr\u00e6\u00f0ingar eru einnig kalla\u00f0ir \u201ehj\u00fakrunarfr\u00e6\u00f0ingur\u201c, enfermeiro (karl) e\u00f0a enfermeira (kvenkyns), n\u00fdja nafni\u00f0 er Enf. \u00cd Port\u00fagal, fram til dagsins \u00ed dag, eftir a\u00f0 hafa loki\u00f0 grunnn\u00e1mi &#8211; en \u00ed stofnunum og stofnunum &#8211; kallast karlma\u00f0ur doutor (Dr.) &#8211; karlar e\u00f0a doutora (Dra.) &#8211; konur. Hollenskar menntunarheiti og gr\u00e1\u00f0ur eru l\u00f6glega varin og fr\u00e1 og me\u00f0 2021 eru hef\u00f0bundnu heitin \u201edr.\u201c og doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0ur l\u00f6glega samb\u00e6rilegar og ver\u00f0a nota\u00f0ar til skiptis. \u00cd daglegu l\u00edfi eru n\u00fdju anglosaxnesku heitin (age.grams, PhD) oft notu\u00f0. \u00deau mega ekki vera \u00ed skj\u00f6lum (elizabeth.grams, vegabr\u00e9f, leyfi \u00f6kut\u00e6kja), sem er sjaldg\u00e6ft \u00ed daglegu l\u00edfi. A\u00f0 hafa g\u00f3\u00f0a doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0u hefur veri\u00f0 grundvallaratri\u00f0i \u00ed g\u00f3\u00f0u h\u00e1sk\u00f3lasamf\u00e9lagi.<\/p>\n<p>\u00dea\u00f0 er enn vel \u00feekkt og \u00fe\u00fa getur \u00fatskrifast strax eftir a\u00f0 \u00fe\u00fa hefur loki\u00f0 pr\u00f3fgr\u00e1\u00f0u og breytt st\u00f6\u00f0ugt einst\u00f6kum skj\u00f6lum s\u00ednum til a\u00f0 fr\u00e6\u00f0ilega \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0a n\u00fdjustu afrekin. \u00c1ri\u00f0 2008 framlengdi n\u00fdja or\u00f0sporsr\u00e1\u00f0herranna fr\u00e1 mennta- og f\u00e9lagsm\u00e1lum sambandsr\u00edkjanna utan \u00de\u00fdskalands \u00e1kv\u00f6r\u00f0unina fr\u00e1 2001 um a\u00f0 s\u00e6kja um doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0ur fr\u00e1 Evr\u00f3pusambandinu til a\u00f0 n\u00e1 yfir doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0ur sem veittar voru \u00ed \u00c1stral\u00edu, \u00cdsrael, Japan, Kanada og m\u00f6rgum bandar\u00edskum h\u00e1sk\u00f3lum. Allir sem hafa doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0u fr\u00e1 fulltr\u00faar\u00edki Evr\u00f3pusambandsins eiga, fr\u00e1 \u00e1rinu 2001, r\u00e9tt \u00e1 a\u00f0 nota \u201edoktor\u201c e\u00f0a \u201edr.\u201c \u00ed \u00f6llum formlegum, d\u00f3ms- og skriflegum br\u00e9fum \u00e1n frekari vi\u00f0auka. Einnig er bo\u00f0i\u00f0 upp \u00e1 n\u00fdjasta akadem\u00edska menntunin Doktor (ISCED 7) fyrir l\u00e6kna (Dr. med. univ.) og tannl\u00e6kna (Dr. med. reduction.), sem \u00fe\u00f3 f\u00e1 ekki doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0ur (ISCED 8) heldur s\u00e6kjast eftir sex \u00e1ra h\u00e1sk\u00f3lan\u00e1mi (360 ECTS) eins og bandar\u00edskur l\u00e6knir e\u00f0a DDS.<\/p>\n<p>Skammst\u00f6funin stendur fyrir n\u00fdja hollenska hugtaki\u00f0 doctorandus, lat\u00edna, sem \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ir \u201ema\u00f0urinn sem \u00e1 a\u00f0 ver\u00f0a l\u00e6knir\u201c (kvenkyns hlutverk er \u201edoctoranda\u201c). \u00c1 M\u00f6ltu er n\u00fdja hugtaki\u00f0 Doctor nota\u00f0 af menntunarl\u00e6knum (sem eru me\u00f0 doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0u), l\u00e6knas\u00e1lfr\u00e6\u00f0ingum, tannl\u00e6knum og l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0ingum. Samstarfsgreinar halda 5-6 \u00e1ra n\u00e1mi (eins og fr\u00e6\u00f0i og l\u00e6knisfr\u00e6\u00f0i) en \u00fe\u00e6r eru kalla\u00f0ar \u201elaurea magistrale an excellent ciclo unico\u201c og eru \u00f3a\u00f0skiljanlegt meistaran\u00e1m. \u00deessu fylgir tv\u00f6 \u00e1r \u201elaurea magistrale\u201c (b\u00f3kstaflega \u201ed\u00f3msm\u00e1lar\u00e1\u00f0gj\u00f6f\u201c, jafngildir menntun konungs). \u00c1 tuttugustu \u00f6ldinni komu \u00edtalskir h\u00e1sk\u00f3lar me\u00f0 fl\u00f3knari pr\u00f3fgr\u00e1\u00f0ur, eins og doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0u. N\u00fdjasta hugtaki\u00f0 doc er nota\u00f0 fyrir doktorsnema og l\u00e6kna (en skur\u00f0l\u00e6kna), tannl\u00e6kna og d\u00fdral\u00e6kna.<\/p>\n<p>N\u00fdja heiti\u00f0 \u201el\u00e6knir\u201c g\u00e6ti einnig veri\u00f0 nota\u00f0 \u00ed Brasil\u00edu til a\u00f0 \u00e1varpa l\u00e6kna og l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0inga samkv\u00e6mt l\u00f6gum fr\u00e1 keisarat\u00edmanum. Til d\u00e6mis, \u00ed r\u00e9ttl\u00e6tisd\u00f3mst\u00f3lum \u00fear sem eing\u00f6ngu formlegt ta\u00edlenskt or\u00f0alag er nota\u00f0, er ekki h\u00e6gt a\u00f0 nota or\u00f0i\u00f0 \u201eDr\u201c sem heiti einstaklingsins. Hugtaki\u00f0 \u201el\u00e6knir\u201c (\u0e14\u0e2d\u0e01\u0e40\u0e15\u0e2d\u0e23\u0e4c) e\u00f0a \u201eDr\u201c (\u0e14\u0e23.) g\u00e6ti veri\u00f0 fengi\u00f0 a\u00f0 l\u00e1ni \u00far ensku. \u00c1 Sr\u00ed Lanka er n\u00fdja heiti\u00f0 \u201edr.\u201c nota\u00f0 um doktorsnema og l\u00e6kna eins og l\u00e6kna, tannl\u00e6kna og d\u00fdral\u00e6kna. \u00cd september 2025 var notkun \u00feess formlega b\u00f6nnu\u00f0 af a\u00f0aldeild heilbrig\u00f0is\u00fej\u00f3nustu, en b\u00f6nnunum hefur veri\u00f0 afl\u00e9tt \u00ed dag. \u00cd As\u00edu eru l\u00e6knar l\u00f6glega kalla\u00f0ir starfandi l\u00e6knar me\u00f0 gr\u00e1\u00f0u.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Efni Al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0leg notkun Nota\u00f0 af l\u00e6knum \u00ed Bretlandi og menningarlega tengdum l\u00f6ndum Nota\u00f0 af v\u00edsindam\u00f6nnum \u00ed Bretlandi og menningarlega tengdum st\u00f6\u00f0um Al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0leg notkun Sj\u00f3nt\u00e6kjafr\u00e6\u00f0ingar f\u00e1 doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0ur e\u00f0a doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0ur \u00ed sj\u00f3nfr\u00e6\u00f0i (\u00ed Bretlandi er doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0ur fyrir l\u00f6ggilta sj\u00f3nt\u00e6kjafr\u00e6\u00f0inga me\u00f0 reynslu af hef\u00f0bundinni tannl\u00e6kna\u00fej\u00f3nustu) en Debrett&#039;s m\u00e6lir samt sem \u00e1\u00f0ur me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 tannl\u00e6knar s\u00e9u venjulega skur\u00f0l\u00e6knar [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/kec-watangsawitto.pinrangkab.go.id\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/565560"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/kec-watangsawitto.pinrangkab.go.id\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/kec-watangsawitto.pinrangkab.go.id\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kec-watangsawitto.pinrangkab.go.id\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kec-watangsawitto.pinrangkab.go.id\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=565560"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/kec-watangsawitto.pinrangkab.go.id\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/565560\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":565565,"href":"https:\/\/kec-watangsawitto.pinrangkab.go.id\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/565560\/revisions\/565565"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/kec-watangsawitto.pinrangkab.go.id\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=565560"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kec-watangsawitto.pinrangkab.go.id\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=565560"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kec-watangsawitto.pinrangkab.go.id\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=565560"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}