{"id":563540,"date":"2026-07-14T13:09:19","date_gmt":"2026-07-14T13:09:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kec-watangsawitto.pinrangkab.go.id\/?p=563540"},"modified":"2026-07-14T13:09:24","modified_gmt":"2026-07-14T13:09:24","slug":"nafn-skjals-verde-casino-app-apk-nidurhal-wikipedia","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kec-watangsawitto.pinrangkab.go.id\/?p=563540","title":{"rendered":"Nafn skjals verde casino app apk ni\u00f0urhal Wikipedia"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"toc\" style=\"background: #f9f9f9;border: 1px solid #aaa;margin-bottom: 1em;padding: 1em;width: 350px\">\n<p style=\"font-weight: 700;text-align: center\">Greinar<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#worldwide-usage\">Al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legt hlutaf\u00e9lag<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#usage-by-medical-practitioners-in-the-uk-and-culturally-related-countries\">Nota\u00f0 af v\u00edsindam\u00f6nnum \u00ed Bretlandi og menningarlega tengdum sv\u00e6\u00f0um<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#usage-by-medical-practitioners-in-the-uk-and-culturally-related-countries-1\">N\u00fdttu \u00fe\u00e9r \u00fea\u00f0 vegna l\u00e6kna \u00ed Bretlandi og hugsanlegra menningartengdra landa.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#worldwide-usage-1\">Al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legt innlimun<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>Augnl\u00e6knar geta einnig fengi\u00f0 doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0ur e\u00f0a doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0ur \u00ed sj\u00f3nfr\u00e6\u00f0i (\u00ed Bretlandi er gott doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0u til a\u00f0 hafa l\u00f6ggilta sj\u00f3nl\u00e6kna me\u00f0 s\u00e9r\u00feekkingu \u00ed heg\u00f0un). En Debrett heldur \u00e1fram a\u00f0 benda \u00e1 a\u00f0 tannl\u00e6knar s\u00e9u venjulega stj\u00f3rna\u00f0ir af l\u00e6knum og n\u00fdja nafni\u00f0 \u201el\u00e6knir\u201c er a\u00f0eins nota\u00f0 fyrir tannl\u00e6kna sem hafa doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0u. <!--more--> \u00c1 sama h\u00e1tt og fyrir l\u00e6knisfr\u00e6\u00f0ilega MBBS, eru tannl\u00e6knar me\u00f0 BS-gr\u00e1\u00f0u \u00ed tannl\u00e6kningum (BDS) og d\u00fdral\u00e6knar me\u00f0 BS-gr\u00e1\u00f0u \u00ed d\u00fdral\u00e6kningum (BVSc), BS-gr\u00e1\u00f0u \u00ed d\u00fdral\u00e6kningum (BVetMed) e\u00f0a BS-gr\u00e1\u00f0u \u00ed d\u00fdral\u00e6kningum og a\u00f0ger\u00f0um (BVMS) taldir vera. \u00c1ri\u00f0 2005 hvatti n\u00fdkj\u00f6rinn forseti Konunglega h\u00e1sk\u00f3lans \u00ed l\u00e6knisfr\u00e6\u00f0i l\u00e6kna til a\u00f0 nota heiti\u00f0 \u201eDr\u201c og sag\u00f0i a\u00f0 notkun or\u00f0anna \u201eherra\u201c e\u00f0a \u201eungfr\u00fa\u201c v\u00e6ri ruglingsleg fyrir vi\u00f0skiptavini. Titlar g\u00f3\u00f0s og C svarts og \u00fe\u00fa g\u00e6tir veri\u00f0 a\u00f0 greina fr\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed hvernig \u00e1 a\u00f0 \u00e1varpa umsl\u00f6g til l\u00e6kna og sleppir n\u00fdja nafninu fyrir Dr (aldur.g. John Smith, Esq, MD; John Smith, MD; John Smith, MB) nema \u00ed Skotlandi og almennum l\u00e6knum, \u00fear sem bloggn\u00f6fnunum er venjulega sleppt (elizabeth.g. Dr. John Smith).<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Tannl\u00e6knar hafa hef\u00f0bundi\u00f0 (\u00fe\u00f3 tannl\u00e6knar) veri\u00f0 litnir \u00e1 l\u00e6knana \u00e1 sama h\u00e1tt, en fr\u00e1 og me\u00f0 1995 leyf\u00f0i Tannl\u00e6knar\u00e1\u00f0i\u00f0 tannl\u00e6knum a\u00f0 nota heiti\u00f0 \u201eL\u00e6knir\u201c, jafnvel \u00fe\u00f3tt margir vilji \u00fea\u00f0 ekki og \u00fear me\u00f0 ska\u00f0a or\u00f0spor l\u00e6knisins.<\/li>\n<li>Hann er veittur af sk\u00f3lanum af h\u00e1lfu n\u00fdjasta konungsins, og pr\u00f3fsk\u00edrteini\u00f0 hefur fengi\u00f0 sam\u00feykki opinberrar skr\u00e1ar.<\/li>\n<li>A\u00f0 \u00f6\u00f0last doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0u krefst framhaldsn\u00e1ms a\u00f0 loknu n\u00e1mi nemandans, a\u00f0 semja lokaritger\u00f0, s\u00ed\u00f0an a\u00f0 vinna a\u00f0 lokaritger\u00f0 \u00far b\u00f3kinni og a\u00f0 var\u00f0veita hana opinberlega.<\/li>\n<li>A\u00f0 vera me\u00f0 fram\u00farskarandi doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0u er or\u00f0in einf\u00f6ld nau\u00f0syn fyrir g\u00f3\u00f0an h\u00e1sk\u00f3laferil.<\/li>\n<li>Fyrir fr\u00e6\u00f0imenn me\u00f0 doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0ur fr\u00e1 a\u00f0ildarr\u00edkjum Evr\u00f3pusambandsins \u00fearf n\u00fdja menntunin a\u00f0 vera formlega vi\u00f0urkennd (\u201esta\u00f0fest\u201c) af alr\u00edkismenntam\u00e1lar\u00e1\u00f0uneytinu \u00ed Bonn.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u00dea\u00f0 er algengt a\u00f0 eiga kvenkyns l\u00e6kna \u00ed samstarfi til a\u00f0 nota nafni\u00f0 \u201eDr. (fr\u00fa)\u201c innan hvers \u00farvalsh\u00f3ps og almennings. \u00c1 19. \u00f6ld ur\u00f0u doktorar vins\u00e6lli \u00ed Bretlandi, hvort sem \u00fea\u00f0 \u00feurfti a\u00f0 fara til meginlands Evr\u00f3pu annars sta\u00f0ar en (fr\u00e1 1861) \u00ed Bandar\u00edkjunum til a\u00f0 f\u00e1 \u00fe\u00e1 gr\u00e1\u00f0u sem \u00feurfti til a\u00f0 fara til Bandar\u00edkjanna, en gr\u00e1\u00f0an var ekki veitt \u00ed Bretlandi fyrr en 1917. \u00c1 n\u00e1mskei\u00f0inu for\u00f0ast lesendur me\u00f0 hei\u00f0ursdoktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0ur a\u00f0 nota n\u00fdja nafni\u00f0 \u201eDr.\u201c \u00ed almennum samskiptum, en \u00ed formlegum samskiptum vi\u00f0 h\u00e1sk\u00f3lann sem veitir n\u00fdju hei\u00f0ursdoktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0una er algengt a\u00f0 kalla n\u00fdja einstaklinginn nafni\u00f0. \u00d3formlega er n\u00fdja nafni\u00f0, b\u00e6\u00f0i \u00ed fullum og styttum st\u00edl (t.d. \u201edr.\u201c), nota\u00f0 me\u00f0 hei\u00f0ursnafni til a\u00f0 kalla heilbrig\u00f0isstarfsmenn \u00ed opinberara umhverfi eins og \u00ed fyrirlestrum, en ekki \u00ed vi\u00f0skiptalegum tilgangi er \u00fea\u00f0 fr\u00e1teki\u00f0 fyrir n\u00fdli\u00f0a me\u00f0 h\u00e1sk\u00f3lagr\u00e1\u00f0ur. Einnig hafa veri\u00f0 \u00farskur\u00f0ir um a\u00f0 augl\u00fdsing fyrir \u00e1hugasaman beinl\u00e6kni, sem er \u00feekktur sem l\u00e6knir, s\u00e9 villandi, \u00fev\u00ed \u00feetta er \u00ed raun augl\u00fdsing sem notar n\u00fdja nafni\u00f0 \u201eDr\u201c \u00e1samt nafninu \u201ePhD\u201c byggt \u00e1 fram\u00farskarandi doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0u fr\u00e1 \u00f3vi\u00f0urkenndum h\u00e1sk\u00f3la. Tannl\u00e6knar hafa hef\u00f0bundi\u00f0 (eins og tannl\u00e6knar) veri\u00f0 kalla\u00f0ir skur\u00f0l\u00e6knar, en \u00e1ri\u00f0 1995 hefur Tannl\u00e6knar\u00e1\u00f0i\u00f0 leyft tannl\u00e6knum a\u00f0 nota nafni\u00f0 \u201el\u00e6knir\u201c, hvort sem margir kj\u00f3sa \u00fea\u00f0 ekki e\u00f0a ekki, og \u00fear me\u00f0 lagt \u00e1herslu \u00e1 or\u00f0spor skur\u00f0l\u00e6knis \u00feeirra.<\/p>\n<h2>Verde casino app apk ni\u00f0urhal: Eftir a\u00f0 hafa loki\u00f0 g\u00f3\u00f0ri doktorspr\u00f3fi er n\u00fdr doktorsnemi augl\u00fdstur sem doktor, \u00e1n \u00feess a\u00f0 nota skammst\u00f6funina \u201edrs<\/h2>\n<p>\u201c. Vandam\u00e1li\u00f0 stafar af upprunalega hollenska lestrarheitinu \u201edrs.\u201c (fyrir b\u00e6\u00f0i l\u00e1g- og \u00f3h\u00e1\u00f0a meistaragr\u00e1\u00f0u). Ranns\u00f3kn \u00feeirra hj\u00e1 l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0ingunum stafar af n\u00fdju h\u00e6fnisgr\u00e1\u00f0unni til a\u00f0 stunda l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0i sem n\u00fdja LLD-gr\u00e1\u00f0una fram a\u00f0 breytingunum \u00e1ri\u00f0 2014 og h\u00f3fst sem \u201es\u00f6guleg farangur\u201c fr\u00e1 deildarforseta sk\u00f3lans fr\u00e1 lagadeild M\u00f6ltu.<\/p>\n<p>S\u00e9rfr\u00e6\u00f0ingar \u00ed Bl\u00e1a krossinum og \u00fe\u00fa g\u00e6tir haft samband vi\u00f0 Bl\u00e1a skj\u00f6ldinn (BCBS) geta einnig leita\u00f0 til l\u00e6kna, heilbrig\u00f0isstofnana og tannl\u00e6kna.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i.bojoko.com\/bd\/0343bb15_1200x630_c.8fc06551d363e0e7311694910111840f.jpg\" alt=\"verde casino app apk ni\u00f0urhal\" align=\"left\" border=\"1\" style=\"padding: 20px\"><\/p>\n<p>Hong Kong fylgir breskri hef\u00f0 \u00ed a\u00f0 hafa samband vi\u00f0 l\u00e6kna sem \u201el\u00e6knir\u201c en margir \u00feeirra hafa a\u00f0eins loki\u00f0 doktorspr\u00f3fi \u00ed l\u00e6knisfr\u00e6\u00f0i og l\u00e6knisfr\u00e6\u00f0i (MBBS e\u00f0a MBChB). N\u00fdja skammst\u00f6funin Drs. v\u00edsar einnig til doctorandus, hollensks uppl\u00fdsingaheitis sem var skipt \u00fat fyrir nafn eiganda vi\u00f0 tilkomu hundaeigendan\u00e1msins. \u00cd st\u00f3rum hluta n\u00fdja menntakerfisins l\u00fdsir hugtaki\u00f0 \u201el\u00e6knir\u201c \u00feeim sem hafa loki\u00f0 doktorsn\u00e1mi (v\u00ed\u00f0t\u00e6kri \u00feekkingu) fr\u00e1 h\u00e1sk\u00f3la. \u00deeir sem hafa loki\u00f0 doktorspr\u00f3fi notu\u00f0u n\u00fdja hugtaki\u00f0 fagmannlega og f\u00e9lagslega. N\u00fdja hugtaki\u00f0 er einnig nota\u00f0 um l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0inga \u00ed Su\u00f0ur-Amer\u00edku, \u00fear sem \u00feeir hafa yfirleitt loki\u00f0 doktorspr\u00f3fi, og \u00ed fyrrum port\u00fag\u00f6lsku h\u00e9ru\u00f0unum Goa \u00ed As\u00edu og Maka\u00f3 \u00ed K\u00edna.<\/p>\n<h2>\u00c1\u00f0ur en formleg gr\u00e1\u00f0a var tekin upp kom n\u00fdja n\u00fat\u00edma doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0an (PhD) l\u00edklega upp \u00ed Leipzig sem g\u00f3\u00f0ur sta\u00f0gengill fyrir meistaran\u00e1m \u00e1ri\u00f0 1652 (Dr.<\/h2>\n<p>Eigendur \u201eLaurea\u201c f\u00e1 n\u00fdja heiti\u00f0 l\u00e6knir (dottore\/dottoressa), handhafar \u201elaurea magistrale\u201c f\u00e1 n\u00fdjasta heiti\u00f0 \u00ed sta\u00f0 magistral l\u00e6knir (dottore magistrale\/dottoressa magistrale) og doktorsnemar hafa veri\u00f0 kalla\u00f0ir ranns\u00f3knarl\u00e6knar (dottore di ricerca\/dottoressa di ricerca). Af s\u00f6gulegum \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0um er n\u00fdja heiti\u00f0 l\u00e6knir gefi\u00f0 \u00f6llum h\u00e1sk\u00f3lagr\u00e1\u00f0uh\u00f6fum. Upprunalega h\u00e1sk\u00f3linn \u00ed vestr\u00e6nu samf\u00e9lagi, n\u00fdi h\u00e1sk\u00f3linn fr\u00e1 Bologna, er sta\u00f0settur \u00e1 \u00cdtal\u00edu, \u00fear sem fram til s\u00ed\u00f0ustu \u00e1ra var eina raunverulega doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0an \u00ed bo\u00f0i n\u00fdjasta doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0an, og allir a\u00f0rir \u00edtalskir h\u00e1sk\u00f3lar notu\u00f0u sama fyrirmyndina. \u00dea\u00f0 er fr\u00e1brug\u00f0i\u00f0 Arzt, \u00fear sem doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0ur eru ekki skilyr\u00f0i fyrir l\u00e6kna, jafnvel \u00fe\u00f3tt notkun hugtaksins Doktor yfir eigin l\u00e6kni s\u00e9 algeng og almennt f\u00f3lk hefur tilhneigingu til a\u00f0 halda ranglega a\u00f0 a\u00f0eins Doktors geti fengi\u00f0 hef\u00f0bundin lyf. Engu a\u00f0 s\u00ed\u00f0ur, \u00ed finnska heiminum er notkun titla undarleg og takmarka\u00f0 vi\u00f0 mj\u00f6g formlegt samhengi.<\/p>\n<p>habil). \u00deessir hlutar voru yfirleitt kalla\u00f0ir \u201eheimspeki\u201c (nota\u00f0 sem almennt heiti yfir eigin menntun, ekki fr\u00e6\u00f0ileg umfj\u00f6llun um tr\u00fa), en \u00feeir eru n\u00fa flokka\u00f0ir sem hugv\u00edsindi og \u00f6nnur v\u00edsindi, samsvarandi. \u00cd gegnum \u00e1rin var l\u00e6knisfr\u00e6\u00f0i fr\u00e1 gu\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0i sjaldg\u00e6fari, en fr\u00e6\u00f0i \u00ed l\u00f6gum og l\u00e6knisfr\u00e6\u00f0i eru mj\u00f6g algeng. Fyrstu doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0urnar &#8211; \u00ed gu\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0i, l\u00f6gum og l\u00e6knisfr\u00e6\u00f0i &#8211; s\u00fdndu n\u00fdja s\u00f6gulega a\u00f0skilna\u00f0 fr\u00e1 h\u00e1sk\u00f3laranns\u00f3knum \u00e1 \u00feessum \u00feremur svi\u00f0um. N\u00fdr uppruni heitisins doc m\u00e1 rekja til fyrstu kapellunnar, ef hugtaki\u00f0 \u201el\u00e6knir\u201c v\u00edsa\u00f0i til n\u00fdrra postula, kapellufe\u00f0ra e\u00f0a annarra kristinna yfirvalda sem kenndu og t\u00falku\u00f0u Bibl\u00eduna. \u00de\u00fdtt sem \u201eDr\u201c e\u00f0a \u201eDr.\u201c er \u00fea\u00f0 nota\u00f0 sem heiti yfir einhvern sem hefur loki\u00f0 fram\u00farskarandi doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0u (oft doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0u).<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lookaside.fbsbx.com\/lookaside\/crawler\/media\/?media_id=320493533421353\" alt=\"verde casino app apk ni\u00f0urhal\" style=\"padding: 20px\" align=\"right\" border=\"0\"><\/p>\n<p>N\u00fdja hugtaki\u00f0 CSc ums\u00e6kjandi fr\u00e1 ranns\u00f3knardeild er t\u00e6knilegt hugtak innan n\u00faverandi kennslu\u00e1\u00e6tlunar sem er \u00ed dag stj\u00f3rna\u00f0 sem svipa\u00f0 hugtak og doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0u. \u00dea\u00f0 var hleypt af stokkunum \u00e1ri\u00f0 2012 og g\u00e6ti s\u00ed\u00f0an veri\u00f0 framlengt til a\u00f0 fj\u00e1rmagna doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0ur sem veittar eru \u00e1 N\u00fdja Sj\u00e1landi. Til \u00feess a\u00f0 kennarar hafi doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0ur fr\u00e1 l\u00e1g-Evr\u00f3pul\u00f6ndum \u00fearf n\u00fdja vottunin a\u00f0 vera formlega vi\u00f0urkennd (&quot;sta\u00f0fest&quot;) af alr\u00edkisfr\u00e6\u00f0ir\u00e1\u00f0uneytinu \u00ed Bonn. Allir eigendur utan doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0u eru vi\u00f0eigandi kalla\u00f0ir &quot;Herr\/Frau Dr. _____&quot; \u00ed opinberum m\u00e1lefnum. \u00cd \u00de\u00fdskalandi eru vins\u00e6lustu doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0urnar Dr. med. (l\u00e6knisfr\u00e6\u00f0i), Dr. med. illkynja. \u00cd \u00fe\u00fdskum m\u00e1lfr\u00e6\u00f0isv\u00e6\u00f0um skilgreinir skilgreiningin \u00e1 Doktor doktorsnema \u00e1 vi\u00f0urkenndu tungum\u00e1li (\u00fea\u00f0 sama og doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0u).<\/p>\n<p>Sl\u00edkar fyrirsagnir eru oftast veittar ver\u00f0ugum klerkum vegna g\u00f3\u00f0ra verka \u00feeirra e\u00f0a annars tilgangs \u00e1 svi\u00f0i tr\u00faarlegrar og bibl\u00edulegrar gr\u00e1\u00f0u. Greinin hefur veri\u00f0 breytt til a\u00f0 taka fram a\u00f0 notkun n\u00fdja merkisins vegna \u00feess a\u00f0 l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0ingarnir \u201es\u00e9 \u00ed raun g\u00f3\u00f0 (me\u00f0 \u00f3lund) vi\u00f0urkennd heg\u00f0un \u00ed sumum tilfellum frekar en \u00ed \u00f6\u00f0rum\u201c, \u00fe\u00f3 a\u00f0 \u00feeir hafi me\u00f0teki\u00f0 a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 v\u00e6ri sjaldan nota\u00f0 \u00fear sem \u00fea\u00f0 \u201e\u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ir a\u00f0 \u00fe\u00fa ert \u00feinn eigin l\u00e6knir e\u00f0a doktor &#8211; og \u00feetta gefur til kynna ranga m\u00f6guleika\u201c. Fyrir samskiptareglur (\u00feekkt sem \u201ehef\u00f0bundin tegund markmi\u00f0s en undir \u00e1hrifum pers\u00f3nulegra og opinberra si\u00f0a\u201c) notar NASA \u201eDr. (fullt nafn)\u201c \u00ed uppl\u00fdsingunum til a\u00f0 tilnefna doktorshafa \u00feegar \u00feeir eiga a\u00f0 kalla l\u00e6kna \u201e(fullt nafn), MD\u201c, \u00fe\u00f3 a\u00f0 b\u00e1\u00f0ir s\u00e9u me\u00f0h\u00f6ndla\u00f0ir sem \u201eDr. (eftirnafn)\u201c \u00ed kve\u00f0juor\u00f0unum (sem kallast \u201e\u00f3formlegt\u201c).<\/p>\n<p>\u00cd ensku Kar\u00edbahafsins er notkun \u00e1 nafninu \u201eDr. the brand new Honourable\u201c algeng \u00feegar stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1lamenn hafa doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0ur. \u00deessi tegund af nafnb\u00f3t l\u00fdsti n\u00fdjum g\u00f6mlum eiginleikum fr\u00e1 gu\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0i, l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0i og l\u00e6knisfr\u00e6\u00f0i, anna\u00f0 hvort me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 b\u00e6ta vi\u00f0 t\u00f3nlist, sem voru einu doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0urnar sem \u00ed bo\u00f0i voru fram a\u00f0 19. \u00f6ld. \u00deannig er \u00feetta n\u00fdja nafn nota\u00f0 af m\u00f6rgum \u00ed \u00feessum l\u00f6ndum, \u00fear \u00e1 me\u00f0al \u00feeim sem eru ekki venjulega me\u00f0 n\u00fdja nafni\u00f0 annars sta\u00f0ar.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/assets-srv.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\/analisis-casino-mr-bet.png\" alt=\"verde casino app apk ni\u00f0urhal\" border=\"0\" align=\"left\" style=\"padding: 10px\"><\/p>\n<p>Hj\u00fakrunarfr\u00e6\u00f0ingar eru einnig kalla\u00f0ir \u201ehj\u00fakrunarfr\u00e6\u00f0ingur\u201c, enfermeiro (karlkyns) e\u00f0a enfermeira (kvenkyns), n\u00fdja nafni\u00f0 er Enf. \u00cd Port\u00fagal, \u00e1 okkar t\u00edmum, s\u00e6kjast menn eftir n\u00e1mi me\u00f0 mikilli n\u00e1msreynslu \u2013 en innan bygginga og kerfa \u2013 eru menn kalla\u00f0ir doutor (Dr.) \u2013 karlkyns e\u00f0a doutora (Dra.) \u2013 konur. Hollensk kennslutitl og \u00f6nnur stig eru l\u00f6glega vi\u00f0urkennd og fr\u00e1 og me\u00f0 2021 er sta\u00f0la\u00f0a \u201edr.\u201c og doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0u l\u00f6glega \u00fea\u00f0 sama og ver\u00f0ur teki\u00f0 til skiptis. \u00cd venjulegum st\u00edl eru n\u00fdju anglosaxnesku titlarnir (age.grams, PhD) oft nota\u00f0ir. \u00deeir geta ekki komi\u00f0 fyrir \u00ed skj\u00f6lum (age.grams, vegabr\u00e9fi, \u00f6kusk\u00edrteini) og eru sjaldan nota\u00f0ir \u00ed daglegri starfsemi. A\u00f0 hafa g\u00f3\u00f0a doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0u er grundvallarskilyr\u00f0i fyrir g\u00f3\u00f0um h\u00e1sk\u00f3laferli.<\/p>\n<p>\u00dea\u00f0 hefur veri\u00f0 vel \u00feekkt og \u00fe\u00fa g\u00e6tir a\u00f0 nemendur, strax eftir a\u00f0 hafa vali\u00f0 gr\u00e1\u00f0u s\u00edna, breyti st\u00f6\u00f0ugt einst\u00f6kum skj\u00f6lum til a\u00f0 fr\u00e6\u00f0ilega \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0a n\u00fdja ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0u. \u00c1ri\u00f0 2008 framlengdi n\u00fdjasti st\u00f6\u00f0ufundur r\u00e1\u00f0herra menntunar- og menningarm\u00e1la sambandsr\u00edkjanna fr\u00e1 \u00de\u00fdskalandi \u00e1kv\u00f6r\u00f0un s\u00edna fr\u00e1 2001 um a\u00f0 vi\u00f0urkenna doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0ur fr\u00e1 Evr\u00f3pusambandinu til a\u00f0 grei\u00f0a fyrir doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0ur sem veittar voru \u00ed \u00c1stral\u00edu, \u00cdsrael, Japan, Kanada og m\u00f6rgum bandar\u00edskum h\u00e1sk\u00f3lum. Allir sem hafa g\u00f3\u00f0a doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0u fr\u00e1 \u00e1hugas\u00f6mu fulltr\u00faar\u00edki Evr\u00f3pusambandsins reyndu, fr\u00e1 \u00e1rinu 2001, a\u00f0 spila \u201eDoctotherwise\u201c e\u00f0a \u201eDr.\u201c \u00ed \u00f6llum formlegum, r\u00e9ttarsal og \u00fe\u00fa getur skrifa\u00f0 skilabo\u00f0 \u00e1n frekari vi\u00f0auka. Samhli\u00f0a er n\u00fd akadem\u00edsk gr\u00e1\u00f0a, Doktor (ISCED 7), veitt l\u00e6knum (Dr. med. univ.) og tannl\u00e6knum (Dr. med. reduction.), sem \u00e1ri\u00f0 2002 lj\u00faka ekki doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0u (ISCED 8) heldur stunda sex \u00e1ra meistaran\u00e1m (360 ECTS eininga), eins og bandar\u00edskur l\u00e6knir e\u00f0a DDS.<\/p>\n<p>\u00deessi skammst\u00f6fun stendur fyrir n\u00fdja hollenska heiti\u00f0 doctorandus, lat\u00ednu, sem \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ir \u201es\u00e1 sem \u00e1 a\u00f0 vera heilbrig\u00f0isstarfsma\u00f0ur\u201c (konur mynda \u201edoctoranda\u201c). \u00c1 M\u00f6ltu er n\u00fdja heiti\u00f0 Doctor nota\u00f0 af h\u00e1sk\u00f3lal\u00e6knum (me\u00f0 doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0u), l\u00e6knas\u00e9rfr\u00e6\u00f0ingum, tannl\u00e6knum og l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0ingum. Sum svi\u00f0 nota 5-6 \u00e1ra n\u00e1m (eins og l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0i og lyfjafr\u00e6\u00f0i) en \u00feau kallast \u201elaurea magistrale a ciclo unico\u201c og eru sam\u00fe\u00e6tt n\u00e1msgrein. \u00deessu fylgir tveggja \u00e1ra \u201elaurea magistrale\u201c (n\u00e1nast \u201emeistaragr\u00e1\u00f0a\u201c, svipa\u00f0 og meistaragr\u00e1\u00f0a). \u00c1 20. \u00f6ldinni bu\u00f0u \u00edtalskir h\u00e1sk\u00f3lar upp \u00e1 h\u00e6rri pr\u00f3fgr\u00e1\u00f0ur, eins og doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0u. N\u00fdja heiti\u00f0 doc er nota\u00f0 fyrir nemendur \u00e1 doktorsstigi, svo sem l\u00e6knas\u00e9rfr\u00e6\u00f0inga (e\u00f0a l\u00e6kna), tannl\u00e6kna og d\u00fdral\u00e6kna.<\/p>\n<p>N\u00fdja hugtaki\u00f0 \u201el\u00e6knir\u201c er einnig nota\u00f0 \u00ed Brasil\u00edu til a\u00f0 eiga vi\u00f0 l\u00e6kna og l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0inga samkv\u00e6mt l\u00f6gum eins og rau\u00f0u punktarnir. Til d\u00e6mis, \u00ed l\u00f6gum um r\u00e9ttl\u00e6ti \u00fear sem eing\u00f6ngu l\u00f6ggilt ta\u00edlenska er nota\u00f0, er ekki h\u00e6gt a\u00f0 nota hugtaki\u00f0 \u201eDr\u201c sem einstaklingsheiti. Notkun hugtaksins \u201el\u00e6knir\u201c (\u0e14\u0e2d\u0e01\u0e40\u0e15\u0e2d\u0e23\u0e4c) e\u00f0a \u201eDr\u201c (\u0e14\u0e23.) g\u00e6ti veri\u00f0 fengin a\u00f0 l\u00e1ni \u00far ensku. \u00c1 Sr\u00ed Lanka er hugtaki\u00f0 \u201edr.\u201c nota\u00f0 til a\u00f0 l\u00fdsa doktorsnemum og l\u00e6knum, svo sem skur\u00f0l\u00e6knum, tannl\u00e6knum og d\u00fdral\u00e6knum. \u00cd september 2025 var notkun \u00feess formlega b\u00f6nnu\u00f0 samkv\u00e6mt heilbrig\u00f0isreglum stj\u00f3rns\u00fdslunnar, sem \u00fatiloka a\u00f0 l\u00e6knir hafi veri\u00f0 afturkalla\u00f0ur \u00e1 morgnana. \u00c1 Indlandi eru l\u00e6knar l\u00f6glega kalla\u00f0ir l\u00f6ggiltir l\u00e6knar.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Greinar Al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legt hlutaf\u00e9lag Nota\u00f0 af v\u00edsindam\u00f6nnum \u00ed Bretlandi og menningarlega tengdum sv\u00e6\u00f0um N\u00fdttu \u00fe\u00e9r \u00fea\u00f0 vegna l\u00e6kna \u00ed Bretlandi og hugsanlegra menningartengdra landa. Al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legt innlimun Augnl\u00e6knar geta einnig fengi\u00f0 doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0ur e\u00f0a doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0ur \u00ed sj\u00f3nfr\u00e6\u00f0i (\u00ed Bretlandi er gott doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0u til a\u00f0 hafa l\u00f6ggilta sj\u00f3nl\u00e6kna me\u00f0 s\u00e9r\u00feekkingu \u00ed heg\u00f0un). En Debrett heldur \u00e1fram a\u00f0 benda \u00e1 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/kec-watangsawitto.pinrangkab.go.id\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/563540"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/kec-watangsawitto.pinrangkab.go.id\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/kec-watangsawitto.pinrangkab.go.id\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kec-watangsawitto.pinrangkab.go.id\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kec-watangsawitto.pinrangkab.go.id\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=563540"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/kec-watangsawitto.pinrangkab.go.id\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/563540\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":563544,"href":"https:\/\/kec-watangsawitto.pinrangkab.go.id\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/563540\/revisions\/563544"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/kec-watangsawitto.pinrangkab.go.id\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=563540"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kec-watangsawitto.pinrangkab.go.id\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=563540"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kec-watangsawitto.pinrangkab.go.id\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=563540"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}